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The Mediterranean Sea mystery Tonis Heraclion
Ancient Egypt has a centuries-long history revolving around a god of fertility. Around 2,700 years ago in what is now the Bay of Abukir far from Alexandria as a kingdom for centuries the region was also a center of international trade and a link to the Western world. Tonis-Heraklion was a thriving city an ancient Egyptian city that sank in the Mediterranean Sea near Alexandria during the late Pharaohs' era. The island of Heraklion and its central harbor collapsed the hardened clay quickly liquefied and buildings crumbled into the water. The massive waves at the time caused Tonis-Heraklion to sink beneath the Mediterranean Sea becoming mere ruins in the Bay of Abukir.
Thonis-Heracleion sank in Abu Qir Bay near Alexandria Egypt approximately 1,200 years ago. French underwater archaeologist Franck Goddio was exploring the submerged artifacts when he discovered the large granite statue of an Egyptian god or pharaoh which is over 3,000 years old.
Heraklion was formerly a village known as the Zoite settlement. The replaced Egyptian settlement occupies the area previously used by the indigenous Egyptians. It was roughly the size of Memphis the largest settlement in the Province of Thebaid. Unlike Nocrates the West Delta had Greek temples and the worship of Dionysus and Zeus. The city's population was also divided into various groups and tribes each with its own government. It has inscriptions and papyrus just like Greek cities.
Talamagos Ship
A remarkable shipwreck was discovered underwater in the eastern harbor of Alexandria. This vessel often called a Nile party boat or ceremonial boat was associated with festivals and religious processions. The wreck is located near the sunken island of Antirodos part of Portus Magnus a Roman port with a large network of harbors. Recent underwater rock carvings of ancient Egyptian pharaohs were also discovered near Aswan by a joint French-Egyptian expedition. Modern technology was used to document the discovery of the Thalamagos ship.
The wreckage of an ancient Egyptian pleasure ship has been discovered underwater near the ancient harbor of Alexandria. The ship is approximately 35 meters long and 7 meters wide believed to have been a luxury vessel for the upper class. The discovery includes a remarkably well-preserved wooden structure located less than 50 meters from the Temple of Isis.
The discovery was made by a team from the Greco-Roman port of Alexandria. The ship is approximately 28 meters long and 7 meters wide. The center of this new exploration is the former royal harbor area near Antirodos close to the Temple of Isis and previously undiscovered structures related to the late Ptolemaic and early Roman aristocracy.
An underwater archaeological survey of an ancient shipwreck in the Mediterranean Sea near the coast of Alexandria Egypt revealed that the wreck belonged to the ancient city of Thonis-Heracleion a significant port before the founding of Alexandria.
High-precision sonar surveys of the seabed clearly showed that what they found was no ordinary vessel. It was an ancient cargo ship possibly used for aristocratic celebrations and sacred rituals in 1st-century Egypt. Underwater wrecks off the coast of Egypt also reveal artifacts. Archaeologists continue to collect artifacts from the sunken city of Alexandria a city once plagued by earthquakes and rising sea levels. The latest joint French-Egyptian expedition utilizes modern technology capable of providing crucial historical insights into the rulers of the New and Late Kingdoms. Underwater carvings depict pharaohs including Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Psomtic II and Apriar. Many other artifacts have been found submerged in the Nile River near Aswan.
The Black Pharaoh's Pyramid of the Kush Dynasty
The Meroe Pyramids located in Sudan are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This site comprises over 200 ancient pyramids built by the Kingdom of Kush. These pyramids are characterized by their smaller size and steeper slopes compared to the pyramids of Egypt. Efforts are currently underway to protect this cultural heritage site amidst ongoing conflicts in the region. Southern cultures gradually replaced Egyptian cultural heritage. The pharaohs of the Kush dynasty migrated south to the savannas of Sudan and established their capital at Meroe. In terms of the afterlife northern cemeteries at Meroe during the 3rd and 4th centuries BC became the focus.
The Pyramids of Meroe located in northeastern Sudan are Nubian-style pyramids that are narrower and steeper than typical Egyptian pyramids. These pyramids served as ancient tombs for the kings and queens of the Kingdom of Cush.
It is believed that due to the existence of earthly life in the past the construction of large tombs as permanent dwellings for the dead reflected the earthly status of the pharaoh son of Amun-Ra the sun god. His life followed a cycle akin to the rising and setting of the sun and his union with the gods in heaven at night a stairway to paradise. Beneath these tombs a burial site was discovered in a cemetery near the ancient city of Kematon in Sudan. These pyramids are over 2,000 years old and date back to the reign of the kingdom known as Kush in Sudan. Some pyramids were not built as tombs some are buried beneath simple rectangular structures called mastabas some have stone stacks on top called tumulis while others show no signs of burial.
The Pyramids of Meroe located in Sudan and part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site were built by the Kingdom of Kush approximately 2,700 to 2,300 years ago. They are Nubian-style pyramids characterized by their narrower and steeper slopes compared to typical Egyptian pyramids.
A large steep pyramid stands at the very top. The pyramids symbolizing the stairway to heaven were lavishly decorated. A small chapel on the east side was used for offerings to deceased pharaohs and as a place for prayer and funeral ceremonies. The chapel doors overlooking the sunrise illuminated the altar in the back wall. During the late Middle Kingdom the Black pharaohs of the Kush dynasty ceased pyramid construction.
The cave tombs with their underground chambers and passages symbolized the nighttime dwelling of the sun god. The 223 pyramids in Nubia exceed those in Egypt by 16. The pyramids have three main sections each containing an underground tomb symbolizing the underworld where mummies lie. The mummies of pharaohs and queens were placed on beds according to the ancient Kerma tradition filled with small statues of people destined to be resurrected by the gods.
The Cycle of the Sun's Rebirth
In ancient Egyptian mythology two parallel yet interconnected forms of afterlife exist cyclical and eternally linear. Both forms share corresponding temporal aspects this process is the rebirth of the sun and the souls of the dead from the underworld to the world of the living every morning. The dead are reborn in a cycle a resurrection pattern mirroring the sun.
The cosmological relationship of the gods involves Osiris the god of death who is reborn in a cycle like the sun god appearing on the ceiling of Ramses' tomb resurrected in the east at dawn and reappearing on the eastern horizon. This cyclical parallel gender element signifies the rebirth of the sun a crucial moment in the process that akin to the creation of the rebirth mechanism. The sun receives new life energy and thus Osiris is able to come back to life in the ritual texts of ancient Egyptian mythology. This fusion of human characteristics and the geographical features of the western horizon is depicted in the Book of the Dead.
The frescoes inside the tomb of Pharaoh Ramesses VI in the Valley of the Kings depict scenes from the "Book of the Earth" an ancient Egyptian religious record concerning the cosmology and the afterlife.
The tomb walls are adorned with carvings and ancient texts including the Book of Gates and the Book of Caverns which depict the tomb's interior as an underground river through which the sun and the pharaoh sailed at night overcoming obstacles and being resurrected at dawn. The architecture is a display of light with the pharaoh's symbol being the sun disc often depicted as a human with a falcon's head with the solar disc surrounded by cobras on its head. The tomb of Ramses and its connection to the sun The tombs of the Ramsesian pharaohs are designed to reflect the sun's journey and its path to the afterlife.
The life-giving power of the sun and the god Ra Ancient Egyptians believed that Ra created the universe sailing his solar barque across the sky during the day to provide light and growth to all life. In the Abu Simbel temple of Pharaoh Ramses II the magic of sunlight shining directly into the sacred chambers illuminates the statues of the pharaoh and other gods merging with other deities such as Amun to form Amun-Ra the king of the Egyptian gods in the New Kingdom. The sun god the heart of the universe and the source of all energy represents life growth and resurrection.
Just as the sun rises and sets daily receiving new life energy Osiris is thus able to come back to life in the ritual texts of ancient Egyptian mythology a fusion of human characteristics and the geographical features of the western horizon. In creation myths… Ancient Egyptians believed that the god Ra was born from the ocean of chaos creating himself and light. He is often symbolized by a sun halo or a man with the head of a falcon like Horus covered with a cobra Uraeus representing supreme power. As he grew older he eventually merged with other gods such as Amun-Ra in Thebes becoming the supreme deity of Egypt worshipped for thousands of years.
Records of events during the golden age of Ramesses II
Ramses II the ruler of Egypt during its golden age was considered one of the most powerful and famous kings of the Egyptian Empire. His formidable army was powerful enough to conquer Syria Nubia and the Hittite territories. He built numerous temples and monuments established a new capital and constructed fortified cities to protect routes from enemies. His reign resulted in a stalemate with neither side achieving a decisive victory. Ramesses II also built or restored other temples in Nubia such as the Beit el-Wali a house of priests and religious leaders. Surviving carvings depict the brutality of warfare in Nubia Syria and Libya are still present today.
The Abu Simbel Temple in Egypt was a temple built for King Ramses II. It is located in the Aswan region.
The Derr Temple is remarkable as it is the only rock temple in Nubia located on the east bank of the Nile River. This includes the stone pillars inside the temple which are not oriented towards the central axis as usual but rather face the entrance and the Gerf Hussein temple. The memorial temple of Pharaoh Ramses II in Luxor Egypt. This site is known for the ruins of giant statues and large pillars that still remain. In addition to the main temple the surrounding area also includes the remains of workers' residences and agricultural areas and records of battles on inscriptions found in the temples of Beit Elwali and Abu Simbel.
The Holy Chamber Holy of Holies inside the great temple of Abu Simbel from left to right features statues of the gods Ptah Amun-Ra Pharaoh Ramesses II and Ra-Horakhty. The temple was built in the 13th century BC.
Important historical evidence of kingship for Pharaoh Ramses II shows the god Amun-Re bestowing the symbol of kingship upon the pharaoh. Ramses II built more buildings statues and monuments than any other pharaoh in Egypt. He commissioned the construction of the Abu Simbel temple in Nubia a massive rock-carved temple and the Ramesseum a mortuary temple. He moved the capital from Thebes to Pi-Ramesses east of the Nile Delta to be closer to the strategically important eastern territories of Egypt.
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